Israeli researchers at Tel Aviv University have developed a muon-based detection system that can “X-ray” the ground, revealing hidden underground spaces at archaeological sites without excavation.

Tested at Jerusalem’s City of David, the technology uses cosmic-ray muons, which penetrate deep into the earth, to map cavities and tunnels.

The detectors confirmed known underground structures and discovered previously unknown ones, the Times of Israel has reported.

Researchers aim to create portable, low-cost systems that archaeologists worldwide can use to plan digs with 3D maps of subterranean spaces, potentially transforming the study of ancient sites.